General information and occurrence

The entrepreneurs in Poland have recently paid their attention to the use of glauconite-bearing sediments (sands and silts with glauconite) which co-occur with feldspar-quartzitic and quartzitic sands deposits. The presence of iron oxides in glauconite makes him usable for the production of glass and vitreous shells of wide range of colors, the ceramic pigments, the colorful and vitreous ceramic or stone decorations. The mineral as a potential potassium source can also be used in agriculture as an slow-acting fertilizer with a significant content of the magnesium, iron and organic trace elements. Moreover, due to its chemical features it can be used in the technologies of water and sewage treatment – to remove the heavy metals contaminations.

The glauconite-bearing sediment has not been documented as a mineral raw material so far and therefore is not included in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of the 1^st of July 2015 (Journal of Laws 2015, Item 987) on the geological documentation of a raw material deposit, excluding a hydrocarbon field – the limit values of the parameters that define the deposit and its boundaries have not been defined. Thus – on the basis of the performed geological works – geologists documenting the glauconite-bearing sediment have initially determined the scope of the requirements for the glauconite-bearing sediment documentation. The criteria of the limit values accepted for the glauconite deposit in particular documentations varied, generally speaking they are as follows: the maximum documentation depth – 30 m; the minimum deposit thickness – from 2 to 5 m; the minimum glauconite content – 5-10% (for the Niedźwiada II deposit the average glauconite content >10% deposit was accepted); the minimum K₂O content – 1.6% (only for the Niedźwiada III deposit). Deposits of the glauconite-bearing sediments are documented in Lubelskie Voivodeship – Lubartowski county. The geological structure of this region (Górka Lubartowska) contains the Quaternary sands with lying below them the Tertiary silts, sands and loams with glauconite of the Upper Eocene age (the so-called Parczew delta) in which the amber occurrence was stated. In 2022, there were 2 glauconite-bearing sediments deposit documented – Gawłówka and Niedźwiada Kolonia II. For the Gawłówka deposit the glauconite content in the sediment was not specify.

Resources and output

Table 1 shows the current state of exploration and development of glauconite-bearing sediments deposits.

Table 1. Glauconite-bearing sediments - million m³

The anticipated economic resources of the glauconite-bearing sediments as of the end of 2022 amounted to 10.53 million m³, including 1.30 million m³ of glauconite. The anticipated economic resources increased by 0.56 million m³ (it means by 6%), as the result of the Gawłówka and Niedźwiada Kolonia II deposits documentations. The glauconite resources increased by 0.02 million m³ due to the documentation of the Niedźwiada Kolonia II deposit. As of 31.12.2022, there were the following exploitation concessions issued for: the Górka Lubartowska IX, Górka Lubartowska-Niedźwiada, Leszkowice 1, Niedźwiada II and Niedźwiada III deposits. In 2022, there was an exploitation concession issued for the Leszkowice 1 deposit and the economic resources of glauconite-bearing sediments in Poland increased by 860.84 thousand m³ (22%) and amounted to 4,688.36 thousand m³, including 299.79 thousand m³ of glauconite (according to the information obtained from the concession holder – in a deposit development plan of the Leszkowice 1 deposit the glauconite resources have not been determined).

The amount of resources documented within particular deposits of the glauconite-bearing sediments together with the deposits state of development are presented in Table 2. In 2022, the exploitation from none of the glauconite-bearing sediments deposits was carried out.

Table 2. List of glauconite-bearing sediments deposits - thousand m³